The Aetolians then attempted to take control of the city, but were prevented from doing so by an uprising of the citizens. After ravaging the surrounding countryside, Philopoemen returned home. Soon after, however, his army was routed by the Achaean general Philopoemen and shut up within the walls of Sparta.

In 293 BC, a Spartan force, under Cleonymus, inspired Boeotia to defy Demetrius but Cleonymus soon departed leaving Thebes in the lurch. Had Demetrius not decided to turn his attention to Macedonia the city would have fallen. During Demetrius Poliorcetes’ campaign to conquer the Peloponnese in 294 BC, the Spartans led by Archidamus IV attempted to resist but were defeated in two battles. An anecdote has it that when Philip II sent a message to Sparta saying "If I invade Laconia, I shall turn you out", the Spartans responded with the single, terse reply αἴκα, "if" (he did). The memory of this defeat was still fresh in Spartan minds when the other Greek city-states rose in revolt against Macedonian rule, and decided to remain neutral in the conflict that came to known as the Lamian War.

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Until modern times, the site of ancient Sparta was occupied by a small town of a few thousand people who lived amongst the ruins, in the shadow of Mystras, a more important medieval Greek settlement nearby. Thus for nearly six centuries it was Mystras and not Sparta which formed the center and focus of Laconian history. In 1687 it came into the possession of the Venetians, from whom it was wrested again in 1715 by the Turks. In 396 AD, Alaric sacked Sparta and, though it was rebuilt, the revived city was much smaller than before. After an economic decline in the 3rd century, urban prosperity returned in the 4th century and Sparta even became a minor center of high studies as attested in some of the letters of Libanius.

In the spring of 404 BC, the terms of surrender required the Athenians to tear down the long walls between the city and the port of Piraeus. Lysander's political opponents may have defended Athens not out of gratitude, but out of fear of making Lysander too powerful. The assembly refused, stating that they would not destroy a city that had served Greece so well in the past, alluding to Athens' contribution to the defeat of the Persians. Agis, supported by Lysander, also recommended the destruction of the city. Corinth and Thebes proposed that Athens be leveled and the land be turned into a pasture for sheep. The disposition of Athens was then debated in the Spartan assembly, which apparently had the power of debate, of veto and of counterproposition.

At the peak of its power Sparta subdued many of the key Greek states and even managed to overpower the elite Athenian navy. The sources give quite divergent impressions about Spartan reactions to Athens' growing power and this may reflect the divergence of opinion within Sparta. It was Athens who, by offering these cities alliance sowed the seeds of the Delian League. After hearing a plea for help from Athens who were facing the Persians at Marathon in 490 BC, Sparta decided to honor its laws and wait until the moon was full to send an army. Sparta was still in charge, but it now had to rally its allies in support of its decisions. King Cleomenes turned up in Attica with a small body of troops to back the more conservative Isagoras, whom Cleomenes successfully installed in power.

A battle ensued against Thrasybulus, whose forces killed two Spartan polemarchs but were driven at last into a marsh and trapped there. After the Ten had been fully heard, Pausanias, obtaining the assent of three out of five ephors, went himself to Athens with a force including men from all the allies except the suspect Boeotia and Corinth. The disquiet of Sparta's allies in the Peloponnesian League can be seen casino spartaza in the defiance of Boeotia, Elis and Corinth in offering refuge to those who opposed the rule of the Thirty. This was ameliorated by the expedition of Brasidas to Thrace, the one area where Athens possessions were accessible by land, which made possible, the compromise of 421 BC known as the Peace of Nicias.

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On Callicratides' defeat and death at the Battle of Arginusae the Spartans offered peace on generous terms. In 406 Alcibiades returned as the commander of an Athenian squadron with the intent of destroying the new Spartan fleet, but it was too late. He induced Sparta to send Gylippus to conduct the defence of Syracuse, to fortify Decelea in northern Attica, and to adopt a vigorous policy of aiding Athenian allies to revolt. In 414 BC, a combined force of Athenians and Argives raided the Laconian coast, after which Sparta began to take Alcibiades' advice. The arguments advanced in the assembly were that it would be a profitable possession and an enhancement of the empire. The Athenians would remain in their city, behind their impenetrable walls, and use their naval superiority to harass the Spartan coastline.